Lieutenant Igari Kazumasa - the commander of an infantry company in the. The Việt Minh also used thousands of coolies to carry the Chu-Luc (regional units) supplies and ammunition during assaults. Get premium, high resolution news photos at Getty Images Kentucky University Press, August 2019. "Building Ho's Army: Chinese Military Assistance to North Vietnam." After the end of the Korean War and the resolution of the First Taiwan Strait Crisis, China stepped up involvement in the Indochina Wars, viewing the presence of potentially hostile forces in Indochina as the main threat. So long as the anti-colonial revolutionaries who are fighting a guerrilla war have a sanctuary, in which they can hide out, rest and recuperate after losses and store supplies and necessary material, it is almost impossible and highly unlikely for any foreign enemy or foe to ever destroy and defeat them. The Vietnam War had its origins in the broader Indochina wars of the 1940s and ’50s, when nationalist groups such as Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minh, inspired by Chinese and Soviet communism, fought the colonial rule first of Japan and then of France. Điện Biên Phủ had a number of advantages: it was on a Việt Minh supply route into Laos on the Nam Yum River, it had an old airstrip for supply, and it was situated in the Tai hills where the Tai tribesmen, still loyal to the French, operated. Although the French were outnumbered, their superior weaponry and naval support made any Việt Minh attack unsuccessful. to fight in French Indochina, which was then occupied by the Japanese. The Chinese accepted the Vietnamese government under Hồ Chí Minh, then in power in Hanoi. The government which I will form will fix itself — and will fix to its opponents — a delay of 4 weeks to reach it. However, any benefit this may have reaped for France was negated by the increasing domestic opposition to the war in France. Ho created the Việt Minh as an umbrella organization for all the nationalist resistance movements, de-emphasizing his communist social revolutionary background. [68] It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the United Nations, but was rejected by the Soviet delegation. The road was cleared after a bayonet charge by the Indochinese March Battalion, and the withdrawal could continue. Swift Jr. arrived in Hanoi on a mercy mission to liberate Allied POWs, and were accompanied by French government official Jean Sainteny. Vietnam War, (1954–75), a protracted conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, against the government of South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. Caught for the first time in the open and actually forced to fight the French head-on, without the ability to quickly hide and retreat, they were heavily attacked by concentrated French artillery and machine gun fire. I have longly studied the report ... consulted the most qualified military and diplomatic experts. On October 17, 1952, Giáp launched attacks against the French garrisons along Nghĩa Lộ, northwest of Hanoi, and overran much of the Black River valley, except for the airfield of Nà Sản where a strong French garrison entrenched. [62] In an interview taped in May 2004, General Marcel Bigeard (6th BPC) argues that "one of the deepest mistakes done by the French during the war was the propaganda telling you are fighting for Freedom, you are fighting against Communism",[63] hence the sacrifice of volunteers during the climactic battle of Dien Bien Phu. Emperor Bảo Đại collaborated with the Japanese, just as he had with the French, ensuring his lifestyle could continue. The Saigon Military Mission, a covert operation to conduct psychological warfare and paramilitary activities in South Vietnam, was launched on June 1, 1954, under the command of U.S. Air Force Col. Edward Lansdale. Traductions en contexte de "the war in vietnam" en anglais-français avec Reverso Context : The next big issue of contention was the war in Vietnam. In February 1946, he also forced the French to surrender and renounce all of their concessions and ports in China, such as Shanghai, in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region starting in March 1946. [74] A few months later on November 11, 1950, the French Communist Party leader Maurice Thorez went to Moscow. Propaganda leaflets written in Tai and French sent by the Việt Minh were found in the deserted positions and trenches. FRENCH INDOCHINA WAR (1946-54) FRENCH INDOCHINA WAR (1946-54) At the end of World War II, Ho Chi Minh, as leader of the Viet Minh, declared Vietnam’s independence in a speech that invoked the U.S. [90], In 1951, Adjutant-Chief Vandenberghe from the 6th Colonial Infantry Regiment (6e RIC) created the "Commando Vanden" (aka "Black Tigers", aka "North Vietnam Commando #24") based in Nam Định. The war gradually escalated into the Second Indochina War, more commonly known as the Vietnam War in the West and the American War in Vietnam. They were captured in enemy-controlled villages, and those who refused to join the State of Vietnam's army were considered prisoners or used as coolies to support a given regiment.[94]. Work Cited: Revolvy, LLC. The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam) began in French Indochina on December 19, 1946, and lasted until July 20, 1954. The French Indochina War broke out in 1946 and went on for eight years, with France’s war effort … The Cao Bằng garrison was then evacuated south and, together with the relief force coming from That Khe, were attacked all the way by ambushing Việt Minh forces, which resulted in a stunning French defeat in the Battle of Route Coloniale 4. France will remain present in Far-Orient. [40], After their surrender, the Japanese Army gave weapons to the Việt Minh. Under the codename Project Swivel Chair,[112] on March 3, 1954, 12 C-119s of the 483rd Troop Carrier Wing ("Packet Rats") based at Ashiya, Japan, were painted with France's insignia and loaned to France with 24 CIA pilots for short-term use. [citation needed] The Việt Minh victory at Điện Biên Phủ heavily influenced the outcome of the 1954 Geneva accords that took place on July 21. [citation needed]. USS Windham Bay delivered Grumman F8F Bearcat fighter aircraft to Saigon on January 26, 1951.[110]. The British refused to do likewise in Saigon, and deferred to the French there from the outset, against the ostensible support of the Việt Minh authorities by American OSS representatives. Notable Japanese officers serving in Việt Minh include: One point that the French had a major problem with was the concept of "sanctuary". [77], A few hours after the French Union defeat at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954, United States Secretary of State John Foster Dulles made an official speech depicting the "tragic event" and "its defense for fifty seven days and nights will remain in History as one of the most heroic of all time." [69] These actions became such a cause for concern by 1950 that the French Assembly voted a law against sabotage between March 2–8. With Prince Cường Để, Châu started two organizations in Japan, the Duy Tân hội (Modernistic Association) and Vietnam Cong Hien Hoi. The last French offensive took place on May 4, but it was ineffective. The year 1950 also marked the first time that napalm was ever used in Vietnam (this type of weapon was supplied by the U.S. for the use of the French Aéronavale). [69][72] Similar actions against trains occurred in Roanne, Charleville, Marseille, and Paris. Se connecter. In March 1945, Japan launched the Second French Indochina Campaign to oust the Vichy French and formally installed Emperor Bảo Đại as head of the nominally independent Empire of Vietnam. Much of the fighting ended on May 7; however, the ceasefire was not respected on Isabelle, the isolated southern position, where the battle lasted until May 8, 1:00 am.[64]. Major General Thái attacked Đông Khê on September 15. The US became strongly opposed to the government of Hồ Chí Minh, in part, because it was supported and supplied by China. Giáp launched yet another attack, the Battle of the Day River, on May 29 with the 304th Division at Phủ Lý, the 308th Division at Ninh Bình, and the main attack delivered by the 320th Division at Phat Diem south of Hanoi. The war ended in 1954 but its sequel started in French Algeria where the French Communist Party played an even stronger role by supplying the National Liberation Front (FLN) rebels with intelligence documents and financial aid. The development of colonised nations was scarcely considered, except where it happened to benefit French interests.In general, French colonialism was more haphazard, expedient and brutal than British colo… China supplied and provided the Việt Minh guerrilla forces with almost every kind of crucial and important supplies and material required, such as food (including thousands of tonnes of rice), money, medics and medical aid and supplies, arms and weapons (ranging from artillery guns (24 of such were used at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu) to rifles and machine-guns), ammunition and explosives and other types of military equipment, including a large part of war-material captured from the then-recently defeated National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Chinese government following the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. [108], After the Moch–Marshall meeting of September 23, 1950, in Washington, the United States started to support the French Union effort politically, logistically and financially. Enregistrée par Andreas Schäfer. Part of French Indochina, then part of the French Union and later an associated state, Laos fought the communists along with French forces. The question above was asked on the website “Quora” and was answered by Gérard Briais, who used data from “Teachings of the Indochina War.” I found some additional data on the website, “UQAM” The French Faculty of Social Science and Humanity, and added it to the original. It was a composite military force containing native Frenchmen, pro-French Vietnamese and troops from other French colonies in Africa, as well as units of the French Foreign Legion. The French were backed by the Nung minority while Việt Minh were backed by the Tay minority.[55]. Benyoucef Benkhedda, later became the head of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic, praised the Viet Minh feat at Dien Bien Phu as "a powerful incentive to all who thought immediate insurrection the only possible strategy". [69] On top of this, the PRC sent two People's Liberation Army (PLA) artillery battalions to fight at the siege of Dien Bien Phu on May 6, 1954, with one battalion operating the Soviet Katyusha multiple-rocket launcher systems (MRLS) against French forces besieged at Dien Bien Phu's valley. Two CAT pilots, Wallace Bufford and James B. McGovern, Jr. were killed in action when their Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar was shot down on May 6, 1954. Translation for 'Vietnam War' in the free English-French dictionary and many other French translations. During the Korean War, the conflict in Vietnam was also seen as part of a broader proxy war with China and the USSR in Asia. The CIA pilots completed 682 airdrops under anti-aircraft fire between March 13 and May 6. Giap arranged for them all to receive Vietnamese citizenship and false identification papers. In the French news, the Indochina War was presented as a direct continuation of the Korean War, where France had fought: a UN French battalion, incorporated in a U.S. unit in Korea, was later involved in the Battle of Mang Yang Pass of June and July 1954. The Việt Minh quickly denounced the government and stated that they wanted "real independence, not Bảo Đại independence". Most of the Japanese officers who stayed served as military instructors for the Việt Minh forces, most notably at the Quảng Ngãi Army Academy. It was feared in Washington that if Ho were to win the war, with his ties to the Soviet Union, he would establish a puppet state with Moscow with the Soviets ultimately controlling Vietnamese affairs. A few, however, actively led Vietnamese forces into combat. The Union gathered combatants from almost all French territories made of colonies, protectorates and associated states (Madagascar, Senegal, Tunisia, etc.) There was never any intention among the Vietnamese to give up, as General Võ Nguyên Giáp soon brought up 30,000 men to attack the city. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, De-escalation, negotiation, and Vietnamization, The United States negotiates a withdrawal, Lyndon B. Johnson: Election and the Vietnam War. The United States began to give military aid to France in the form of weaponry and military observers. The Vietnamese had suffered under French colonial rule for nearly six decades when Japan invaded portions of Vietnam in 1940. The operation was a tactical success for the French. The Việt Minh launched attacks on Hòa Bình, forcing the French to withdraw back to their main positions on the De Lattre line by February 22, 1952. Ngo Dinh Diem, the newly installed premier of South Vietnam, thus faced opposition not only from the communist regime in the North but also from the Viet Minh’s stay-behind political agents, armed religious sects in the South, and even subversive elements in his own army. General Cogny, based in Hanoi, ordered General de Castries, who was commanding the outpost, to cease fire at 5:30 pm and to destroy all materiél (weapons, transmissions, etc.) Later, as a concession to the new government and a way to increase their numbers, France agreed to the formation of the Vietnamese National Army commanded by Vietnamese officers. Up to 1 million Vietnamese civilians were transported from North to South during this period,[113] with around one tenth of that number moving in the opposite direction. By the subsequent definitive treaty, the French protectorate of Vietnam was recognized, terminating the… Operation Castor was launched on November 20, 1953, with 1,800 men of the French 1st and 2nd Airborne Battalions dropping into the valley of Điện Biên Phủ and sweeping aside the local Việt Minh garrison. On September 2, aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, CEFEO Expeditionary Corps leader General Leclerc signed the armistice with Japan on behalf of France. However, it failed to divert the Việt Minh offensive or seriously damage its logistical network. This had the effect of weakening the regime, with the two most significant movements of this period, Communism and Gaullism, in opposition. The Việt Minh were militarily ineffective in the first few years of the war and could do little more than harass the French in remote areas of Indochina. On July 31, French General Charles Chanson was assassinated during a propaganda suicide attack at Sa Đéc in South Vietnam that was blamed on the Việt Minh although it was argued in some quarters that Cao Đài nationalist Trình Minh Thế could have been involved in its planning. The 1946 Constitution creating the Fourth Republic (1946–1958) made France a parliamentary republic. [96] The French also identified eleven Japanese nurses and two doctors working for the Việt Minh in northern Vietnam in 1951. [87], In the 1950s, the French established secret commando groups based on loyal Montagnard ethnic minorities referred to as "partisans" or "maquisards", called the Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés (Composite Airborne Commando Group or GCMA), later renamed Groupement Mixte d'Intervention (GMI, or Mixed Intervention Group), directed by the SDECE counter-intelligence service. In September 1945, Chinese forces entered Tonkin, and a small British task force landed at Saigon. By the time the remains of the garrisons reached the safety of the Red River Delta, 4,800 French troops had been killed, captured or missing in action and 2,000 wounded out of a total garrison force of over 10,000. Châu looked to Japan, which had modernized and was one of the few Asian nations to successfully resist European colonization. In August 1884 French warships attacked Fuzhou and destroyed the Chinese fleet and dockyard there. In 1947, General Võ Nguyên Giáp retreated with his command to Tan Trao deep in the hills of Tuyên Quang Province. French West Africa (Afrique Occidentale Française, AOF) was a federation of African colonies. In 1949, France officially recognized the nominal "independence" of the State of Vietnam as an associated state within the French Union under Bảo Đại. A formal order was given to not use the white flag so that the action would be considered a ceasefire instead of a surrender. In 1941, Hồ Chí Minh, seeing communist revolution as the path to freedom, returned to Vietnam and formed the Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi (League for the Independence of Vietnam), better known as the Việt Minh. 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A. Patti, 1981", "日越関係発展の方途を探る研究 ヴェトナム独立戦争参加日本人―その実態と日越両国にとっての歴史的意味―", Text of Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers General Order no.
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